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34 reviewed topics. These pages separate ingredient-level human evidence from finished-product claims. Sources prioritize NIH, NCCIH, NCBI, EMA, and PubMed-indexed systematic reviews and trials.
Some evidence for reducing sensory symptoms of diabetic peripheral neuropathy; evidence does not justify generic blood-sugar or weight-management claims.
Some evidence for stress and sleep, but preparation heterogeneity and study quality limit broad conclusions.
Supportive but heterogeneous evidence for glycemic and lipid outcomes in type 2 diabetes; weight-loss evidence is inconclusive.
Good evidence for some endurance and high-intensity intermittent performance outcomes; effects vary by dose, habitual use, timing, and individual response.
Condition-specific evidence is mixed; recent meta-analyses suggest possible benefits in heart failure and statin-associated muscle symptoms, but certainty varies and broad energy or prevention claims are not established.
Strong evidence for specific sports-performance outcomes; product-level directness depends on dose.
Traditional-use support exists for urinary and gastrointestinal indications, but direct human efficacy evidence is sparse and plant-part specific.
Possible small effect on cold incidence for some preparations; evidence for shortening or treating colds remains uncertain and product-specific.
Conflicting evidence for knee osteoarthritis symptoms; preparation-specific findings and guideline disagreement make broad claims inappropriate.
Supportive human evidence for modest blood-pressure reduction; lipid and glycemic effects are less consistent and depend on population, preparation, and outcome.
Small human trials suggest diuretic and blood-pressure effects for standardized extracts, but the evidence base is limited and does not support broad or finished-product claims.
Mixed human evidence for selected aerobic and anaerobic performance outcomes; possible benefits are small or context-dependent and do not support broad performance claims.
Exercise-performance evidence is limited and conflicting; some acute resistance-exercise studies are positive, but overall support remains weak.
Promising but not conclusive evidence for selected attention and cognitive outcomes; combination effects with caffeine are modest and context-specific.
Promising but heterogeneous human evidence for anxiety and depressive symptoms; preparation differences and a small trial base limit broad mood or sleep claims.
Established triglyceride-lowering effect at appropriate EPA/DHA doses; broader cardiovascular outcomes are context-dependent.
Essential nutrient with established physiological roles; supplement benefits depend on baseline status, outcome, form, and dose.
Evidence is too limited to draw reliable conclusions for osteoarthritis or chronic pain.
Insufficient high-quality evidence for liver-disease benefits; broad liver-detox claims are not supported.
Human cardiometabolic evidence is inconsistent and very low certainty overall; broad glucose, lipid, weight, or blood-pressure claims are not established.
Limited and heterogeneous human evidence for selected metabolic and body-composition outcomes; a clinically established weight-loss effect has not been shown.
Human evidence is mixed and outcome-specific; skin findings are sensitive to study quality/funding, while knee osteoarthritis meta-analysis suggests symptom benefit.
Bioavailability is formulation- and duration-dependent; biomarker changes are documented, but clinical health-outcome benefits remain uncertain.
Small or context-specific fatigue and cognitive effects are possible, but pooled results are inconsistent and broad adaptogen or performance claims are not established.
Evidence is strain- and indication-specific; generic probiotic claims are not scientifically interchangeable.
Human evidence is heterogeneous and low-certainty for many cardiometabolic outcomes; anti-aging or longevity claims are not established.
Established stimulant-laxative activity with supportive constipation evidence; this does not support broad detox or weight-loss claims.
Some human evidence supports modest blood-pressure lowering in selected adults, but the trial base is limited and generic cardiometabolic claims remain uncertain.
Promising evidence in some outcomes, including osteoarthritis, but formulations vary and authoritative reviews do not support blanket efficacy claims.
Human trials do not establish uva ursi as an equivalent treatment for uncomplicated UTI; symptom benefit was absent or inferior to antibiotic therapy in reviewed trials.
Evidence for sleep problems is inconsistent; authoritative guidance does not support presenting valerian as an established insomnia treatment.
Essential nutrient with established physiological roles; routine supplementation does not prevent colds in the general population, though it may modestly shorten them.
Established nutrient role in calcium/bone physiology and deficiency prevention; many broader supplementation claims remain unproven.
Essential nutrient with established deficiency-related roles; cold benefits are formulation- and timing-specific rather than a generic property of zinc-containing supplements.